道德经第34章：大道泛兮
Dao De Jing Chapter 34 – The Great Tao Flows Everywhere
道德经第34章是老子对道的普遍性和无私性的深刻阐述。本章以'大道泛兮'开篇，描绘道如流水般无处不在，滋养万物却不居功自傲，体现了道家无为而治的核心思想。
Dao De Jing Chapter 34 offers a profound exposition on the universality and selflessness of the Tao. Beginning with 'The great Tao flows everywhere,' it depicts the Tao as omnipresent like flowing water, nourishing all things without claiming credit, embodying the core Daoist idea of non-interference governance.
一、原文与版本对比 / Original Text & Versions
本章主要参考三个历史版本：王弼本（通行本，魏晋时期）、帛书本（汉代马王堆出土）、楚简版（战国时期郭店楚墓出土）。不同版本在文字和表述上存在细微差异。 This chapter primarily draws from three historical versions: the Wang Bi edition (the standard version from the Wei–Jin period), the Mawangdui Silk Manuscript edition (excavated from the Western Han Mawangdui tombs),and the Guodian Bamboo Slip edition (excavated from a Warring States–period Chu tomb in Guodian). These versions show subtle differences in wording and expression.”
| 版本 / Version | 中文原文 / Chinese Text | 拼音 / Pinyin | 英文翻译 / English Translation |
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| 王弼本 (通行本) | 大道泛兮，其可左右。 | Dà dào fàn xī, qí kě zuǒ yòu. | The great Tao flows everywhere, it may go left or right. |
| 帛书本 | 道泛呵，其可左右也。 | Dào fàn hē, qí kě zuǒ yòu yě. | The Tao flows extensively, it may go left or right. |
| 楚简版 | 道泛兮，其可左右。 | Dào fàn xī, qí kě zuǒ yòu. | The Tao flows everywhere, it may go left or right. |
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版本差异分析： 王弼本用'大道'强调道的崇高，帛书本用'道泛呵'更口语化，楚简版简洁无'大'字，可能反映早期道家思想中道的平等性。差异显示后世对道的神圣化倾向。
Version Differences: The Wangbi version uses 'great Tao' to emphasize its loftiness, the Boshu version employs 'Tao flows extensively' in a more colloquial tone, while the Chujian version is concise without 'great,' possibly reflecting the equality of the Tao in early Daoist thought. The differences indicate a later tendency to sanctify the Tao. |
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| 王弼本 (通行本) | 万物恃之以生而不辞，功成而不有。 | Wàn wù shì zhī yǐ shēng ér bù cí, gōng chéng ér bù yǒu. | All things depend on it for life, and it does not refuse them. It accomplishes its work but does not claim possession. |
| 帛书本 | 万物恃之以生而不辞，成功遂事而弗名有。 | Wàn wù shì zhī yǐ shēng ér bù cí, chéng gōng suì shì ér fú míng yǒu. | All things depend on it for life and it does not refuse, it succeeds in affairs but does not claim to possess. |
| 楚简版 | 万物恃之而生而不辞，成事不有。 | Wàn wù shì zhī ér shēng ér bù cí, chéng shì bù yǒu. | All things depend on it for life and it does not refuse, it accomplishes things without possession. |
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版本差异分析： 王弼本'功成而不有'强调功绩，帛书本'成功遂事而弗名有'更具体，楚简版'成事不有'最简练。帛书本的'弗名有'突出不宣称所有权，体现道家反名义的倾向。
Version Differences: The Wangbi version's 'accomplishes its work but does not claim possession' emphasizes achievements, the Boshu version's 'succeeds in affairs but does not claim to possess' is more specific, and the Chujian version's 'accomplishes things without possession' is the most concise. The Boshu's 'does not claim to possess' highlights the rejection of ownership claims, reflecting Daoist anti-nominalism. |
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| 王弼本 (通行本) | 衣养万物而不为主，常无欲可名于小。 | Yī yǎng wàn wù ér bù wéi zhǔ, cháng wú yù kě míng yú xiǎo. | It clothes and nourishes all things but does not act as master. Always without desire, it may be named as small. |
| 帛书本 | 衣被万物而不为主，则恒无欲也，可名于小。 | Yī bèi wàn wù ér bù wéi zhǔ, zé héng wú yù yě, kě míng yú xiǎo. | It clothes and covers all things but does not act as master, then it is always without desire, and may be named as small. |
| 楚简版 | 衣养万物而不为主，可名于小。 | Yī yǎng wàn wù ér bù wéi zhǔ, kě míng yú xiǎo. | It clothes and nourishes all things but does not act as master, it may be named as small. |
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版本差异分析： 王弼本和楚简版相似，帛书本多'则恒无欲也'，强化无欲与'小'的关联。'衣被'与'衣养'用词差异：帛书本'被'有覆盖意，更显道的全面庇护；王弼本'养'突出滋养功能。
Version Differences: The Wangbi and Chujian versions are similar, while the Boshu version adds 'then it is always without desire,' strengthening the link between desirelessness and 'small.' The word differences: Boshu's 'clothes and covers' implies comprehensive protection, while Wangbi's 'clothes and nourishes' emphasizes the nurturing function. |
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| 王弼本 (通行本) | 万物归焉而不为主，可名为大。 | Wàn wù guī yān ér bù wéi zhǔ, kě míng wéi dà. | All things return to it, but it does not act as master; it may be named as great. |
| 帛书本 | 万物归焉而弗为主，可命于大。 | Wàn wù guī yān ér fú wéi zhǔ, kě mìng yú dà. | All things return to it but it does not act as master, it may be designated as great. |
| 楚简版 | 万物归之而不知主，可名于大。 | Wàn wù guī zhī ér bù zhī zhǔ, kě míng yú dà. | All things return to it but it does not know to be master, it may be named as great. |
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版本差异分析： 王弼本和帛书本用'不为主'，楚简版'不知主'更强调道的无知性，体现早期道家反智倾向。'命'与'名'的差异：帛书本'命'有赋予意，王弼本'名'侧重称谓，反映语言哲学的不同理解。
Version Differences: The Wangbi and Boshu versions use 'does not act as master,' while the Chujian version's 'does not know to be master' emphasizes the Tao's unknowing nature, reflecting early Daoist anti-intellectualism. The difference between 'designated' and 'named': Boshu's 'designated' implies bestowal, Wangbi's 'named' focuses on appellation, indicating varied understandings of language philosophy. |
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| 王弼本 (通行本) | 以其终不自为大，故能成其大。 | Yǐ qí zhōng bù zì wéi dà, gù néng chéng qí dà. | Because it never regards itself as great, it is able to accomplish its greatness. |
| 帛书本 | 是以圣人之能成大也，以其不为大也，故能成大。 | Shì yǐ shèng rén zhī néng chéng dà yě, yǐ qí bù wéi dà yě, gù néng chéng dà. | Therefore, the sage is able to become great, because he does not act great, thus he can become great. |
| 楚简版 | 以其不自大，故能成其大。 | Yǐ qí bù zì dà, gù néng chéng qí dà. | Because it does not regard itself as great, it is able to accomplish its greatness. |
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版本差异分析： 王弼本和楚简版直接论道，帛书本引入'圣人'作为典范，将道的特性人格化。帛书本的重复句式'成大...成大'增强修辞效果，可能用于教学传播；王弼本更哲学化。
Version Differences: The Wangbi and Chujian versions discuss the Tao directly, while the Boshu version introduces 'the sage' as a model, personifying the Tao's characteristics. The Boshu's repetitive structure 'become great... become great' enhances rhetorical effect, possibly for teaching purposes; the Wangbi version is more philosophical. |
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二、核心主题解析 / Key Themes & Philosophical Analysis
1. 道的普遍性与无私性 / The Universality and Selflessness of the Tao
道德经第34章开篇即言'大道泛兮，其可左右'，描绘道如浩瀚江河般无处不在，滋养万物而不偏袒。这种普遍性超越空间限制，体现道家'齐物'思想：道不区分高低贵贱，平等对待一切存在。同时，道的无私性表现在'万物恃之以生而不辞，功成而不有'——它虽为万物生命之源，却从不拒绝或占有，这种'生而不有，为而不恃'的态度，是道家无为哲学的核心。老子通过道的比喻，批判人类社会的占有欲和控制欲，倡导回归自然本真。在哲学层面，这反映了道家对绝对自由的追求：道因无欲无私，故能逍遥于天地之间。现代生态哲学可从中汲取智慧，强调人类应效法道，以包容而非征服的态度对待自然。
Dao De Jing Chapter 34 begins with 'The great Tao flows everywhere, it may go left or right,' depicting the Tao as omnipresent like a vast river, nourishing all things without favoritism. This universality transcends spatial limitations, embodying the Daoist idea of 'equality of all things': the Tao does not distinguish between high and low, treating all existences equally. Simultaneously, the selflessness of the Tao is manifested in 'all things depend on it for life, and it does not refuse them. It accomplishes its work but does not claim possession'—although it is the source of life for all things, it never rejects or possesses. This attitude of 'producing but not possessing, acting but not asserting' is central to Daoist non-action philosophy. Laozi uses the metaphor of the Tao to critique human desires for possession and control in society, advocating a return to natural authenticity. Philosophically, this reflects the Daoist pursuit of absolute freedom: because the Tao is desireless and selfless, it roams freely between heaven and earth. Modern ecological philosophy can draw wisdom from this, emphasizing that humans should emulate the Tao by adopting an inclusive rather than conquering attitude toward nature.
与原文的对应（中文）：关联经文：'大道泛兮，其可左右'体现普遍性；'万物恃之以生而不辞，功成而不有'展示无私性。
Relation to the text (English): Related to the text: 'The great Tao flows everywhere, it may go left or right' reflects universality; 'All things depend on it for life, and it does not refuse them. It accomplishes its work but does not claim possession' demonstrates selflessness.
2. 无为而治的领导智慧 / The Wisdom of Non-Interference Governance
本章通过'衣养万物而不为主'揭示无为而治的领导哲学。道虽滋养万物，却从不以主宰者自居，这种'不为主'的态度是道家政治思想的精髓。老子认为，强制性的控制会引发反抗，而谦逊包容则能自然凝聚力量。历史上，汉初'文景之治'便实践了这种思想：政府减少干预，民间经济自主发展，社会趋于和谐。在现代组织管理中，领导者可借鉴此智慧：不过度 micromanage，而是信任团队自主性，如道般'功成而不有'，共享成就而非独占荣誉。心理学研究显示，这种领导风格能提升成员内在动机，减少权力斗争。道德经第34章强调'以其终不自为大，故能成其大'，揭示真正的伟大源于谦卑——领导者越不自诩伟大，越能赢得持久追随。这与西方 servant leadership 理论相通，但道家更强调与自然规律的契合。
This chapter reveals the leadership philosophy of non-interference governance through 'it clothes and nourishes all things but does not act as master.' This 'not acting as master' attitude is the essence of Daoist political thought. Laozi believed that coercive control provokes resistance, while humility and inclusiveness naturally unite forces. Historically, the 'Rule of Wen and Jing' in the early Han Dynasty practiced this idea: the government reduced intervention, allowing the folk economy to develop autonomously, leading to social harmony. In modern organizational management, leaders can learn from this wisdom: avoid excessive micromanagement, trust team autonomy, and like the Tao, 'accomplish its work but does not claim possession,' sharing achievements rather than monopolizing credit. Psychological studies show that this leadership style enhances members' intrinsic motivation and reduces power struggles. Dao De Jing Chapter 34 emphasizes 'because it never regards itself as great, it is able to accomplish its greatness,' revealing that true greatness stems from humility—the less a leader boasts of greatness, the more enduring followership they gain. This aligns with Western servant leadership theory, but Daoism emphasizes harmony with natural laws.
与原文的对应（中文）：关联经文：'衣养万物而不为主'直接阐述无为领导；'以其终不自为大，故能成其大'说明谦逊成就伟大。
Relation to the text (English): Related to the text: 'It clothes and nourishes all things but does not act as master' directly expounds non-interference leadership; 'Because it never regards itself as great, it is able to accomplish its greatness' illustrates how humility achieves greatness.
3. 小与大的辩证统一 / The Dialectical Unity of Small and Great
道德经第34章提出'常无欲可名于小'与'可名为大'的辩证关系，展现道家独特的大小观。道既因无欲谦逊而被视为'小'，又因万物归附而成就'大'，这种矛盾统一是老子辩证思维的核心。在道家哲学中，'小'非贬义，而是指向内在的质朴与收敛；'大'非外在规模，而是影响力的自然扩展。例如，水滴滴穿石体现'小'的力量，江海纳百川成就'大'的包容。现代物理学中，量子微观世界（小）与宇宙宏观结构（大）的相互影响，可类比此理。个人修养上，老子倡导'终不自为大'——避免自我膨胀，才能持续成长。企业发展中，初创公司保持'小'的灵活性，往往能颠覆行业'大'巨头。这种辩证法挑战了线性思维，启示我们：伟大常藏于微小之中，强求显赫反易失败。道德经第34章通过道的范例，教导人们超越表象对立，领悟本质的统一。
Dao De Jing Chapter 34 presents the dialectical relationship between 'always without desire, it may be named as small' and 'it may be named as great,' showcasing the unique Daoist perspective on small and great. The Tao is considered 'small' due to its desirelessness and humility, yet achieves 'greatness' through the return of all things—this contradictory unity is central to Laozi's dialectical thinking. In Daoist philosophy, 'small' is not derogatory but points to inner simplicity and restraint; 'great' is not about external scale but the natural expansion of influence. For instance, water droplets wearing away stone exemplify the power of 'small,' while rivers and seas accepting all streams achieve the inclusiveness of 'great.' In modern physics, the interaction between the quantum micro-world (small) and cosmic macro-structures (great) can be analogized to this principle. In personal cultivation, Laozi advocates 'never regards itself as great'—avoiding self-inflation to enable continuous growth. In business development, startups maintaining the flexibility of 'small' often disrupt industry 'giants.' This dialectic challenges linear thinking, revealing that greatness often resides in the minute, and striving for prominence can lead to failure. Through the example of the Tao, Dao De Jing Chapter 34 teaches transcending apparent opposites to comprehend essential unity.
与原文的对应（中文）：关联经文：'常无欲可名于小'与'可名为大'形成辩证；'以其终不自为大，故能成其大'总结大小转化机制。
Relation to the text (English): Related to the text: 'Always without desire, it may be named as small' and 'it may be named as great' form a dialectic; 'Because it never regards itself as great, it is able to accomplish its greatness' summarizes the mechanism of transformation between small and great.
三、现代生活中的应用 / Practical Meaning in Modern Life
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领导力发展 / Leadership Development
道德经第34章的无为主张为现代领导力提供革新视角。传统权威式领导强调控制，但道家的'不为主'哲学倡导服务型领导：领导者如道般滋养团队却不居功，能激发成员自主性。研究显示，这种风格提升员工满意度和创新力。例如，谷歌的'20%时间'政策允许员工自主项目，体现了'功成而不有'的精神——领导者提供资源而不干预过程，成果归属团队。在危机管理中，谦逊领导更易获得信任，因他们'不自为大'，反而凝聚集体智慧。应用此哲学，领导者可减少 ego-driven 决策，聚焦组织长期生态。
The non-action advocacy in Dao De Jing Chapter 34 offers an innovative perspective for modern leadership development. Traditional authoritarian leadership emphasizes control, but the Daoist philosophy of 'not acting as master' promotes servant leadership: leaders nourish their teams like the Tao without claiming credit, inspiring autonomy. Studies show this style enhances employee satisfaction and innovation. For example, Google's '20% time' policy allowing employees to pursue autonomous projects embodies the spirit of 'accomplishes its work but does not claim possession'—leaders provide resources without interfering, and achievements belong to the team. In crisis management, humble leaders更容易 gain trust because they 'never regard themselves as great,' thereby uniting collective wisdom. Applying this philosophy, leaders can reduce ego-driven decisions and focus on the long-term ecosystem of the organization.
- 定期反思：是否在决策中强加个人意志？
- 授权团队：像道一样'衣养万物而不为主'，提供支持而非指令。
- 分享荣誉：项目成功时强调集体贡献，实践'功成而不有'。
- Regular reflection: Am I imposing personal will in decisions?
- Empower teams: Like the Tao 'clothes and nourishes all things but does not act as master,' offer support rather than commands.
- Share credit: Emphasize collective contributions when projects succeed, practicing 'accomplishes its work but does not claim possession.'
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个人情绪管理 / Personal Emotion Management
本章'常无欲可名于小'启示情绪管理的根本在于减少执着。现代人焦虑常源于过度欲望——追求控制、认可或占有，而道家的无欲哲学提倡如水流般顺应自然。心理学中，正念冥想与此相通：观察情绪而不评判，如同道'其可左右'的灵活性。当面临压力时，回想'万物归焉而不为主'，接纳无常而非抗拒，能降低应激反应。临床实践显示，道家认知疗法能有效缓解抑郁，通过'不自为大'的谦逊减少自我批评。例如，职场挫折时，不归咎个人失败，而视作自然波动，保持情绪弹性。
The chapter's 'always without desire, it may be named as small' reveals that the foundation of emotion management lies in reducing attachment. Modern anxiety often stems from excessive desires—seeking control, recognition, or possession—while Daoist desirelessness philosophy advocates flowing with nature like water. In psychology, mindfulness meditation aligns with this: observing emotions without judgment, akin to the Tao's flexibility of 'it may go left or right.' When facing stress, recalling 'all things return to it, but it does not act as master' helps accept impermanence rather than resist, reducing stress responses. Clinical practices show that Daoist cognitive therapy can effectively alleviate depression by using the humility of 'never regards itself as great' to lessen self-criticism. For instance, in workplace setbacks, instead of blaming personal failure, view it as natural fluctuation to maintain emotional resilience.
- 每日静坐：模仿'大道泛兮'的流动感，释放控制欲。
- 欲望日记：记录并审视日常欲望，实践'常无欲'。
- 接纳练习：对情绪'不辞不有'，允许其自然来去。
- Daily meditation: Imitate the flow of 'the great Tao flows everywhere' to release the desire for control.
- Desire journal: Record and examine daily desires, practicing 'always without desire.'
- Acceptance exercises: For emotions, 'does not refuse them nor claim possession,' allowing them to come and go naturally.
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商业战略规划 / Business Strategy Planning
道德经第34章的辩证思维为商业战略注入可持续智慧。'万物恃之以生而不辞'启示企业应专注价值创造而非短期利润，如 Patagonia 公司以环保使命吸引忠诚客户。'不自为大'警告 against 扩张野心：许多初创企业因过度追求规模而失控，而道家主张保持'小'的敏捷性。在市场竞争中，效法道'其可左右'的适应性，及时调整方向而非固执计划。苹果公司初期专注小众产品，后自然'成其大'，体现了无为增长。供应链管理中，'不为主'哲学倡导与伙伴平等协作，减少霸权式控制，提升系统韧性。
The dialectical thinking in Dao De Jing Chapter 34 infuses business strategy with sustainable wisdom. 'All things depend on it for life, and it does not refuse them' inspires companies to focus on value creation rather than short-term profits, as seen in Patagonia's environmental mission attracting loyal customers. 'Never regards itself as great' warns against expansion ambitions: many startups lose control due to excessive pursuit of scale, while Daoism advocates maintaining the agility of 'small.' In market competition, emulate the Tao's adaptability of 'it may go left or right,' adjusting directions promptly instead of adhering rigidly to plans. Apple's early focus on niche products, later naturally 'accomplishing its greatness,' exemplifies non-action growth. In supply chain management, the 'not acting as master' philosophy promotes equal collaboration with partners, reducing hegemonic control to enhance systemic resilience.
- 价值优先：学道'万物恃之以生'，确保产品解决真实需求。
- 灵活迭代：像'其可左右'般测试市场，避免过度计划。
- 生态共建：与供应链'不为主'，培养共赢关系。
- Value first: Learn from the Tao's 'all things depend on it for life,' ensure products address real needs.
- Flexible iteration: Test markets like 'it may go left or right,' avoid over-planning.
- Ecosystem co-creation: With supply chains, 'do not act as master,' foster win-win relationships.
常见问题 / Frequently Asked Questions
问题 1：道德经第34章中'小'与'大'是否矛盾？如何理解？ / In Dao De Jing Chapter 34, are 'small' and 'great' contradictory? How to understand them?
不矛盾，而是辩证统一。'小'指道的无欲谦逊状态——因不彰显自身，故看似微小；'大'指道的普遍影响力——万物自然归附，成就其伟大。老子通过'以其终不自为大，故能成其大'揭示：正是保持'小'的品质（如 humility），才能实现真正的'大'。这反映了道家反直觉的智慧：强求伟大反易失败，低调包容反能持久扩张。在人生中，专注内在修养（小）往往带来外在成就（大）。
They are not contradictory but dialectically unified. 'Small' refers to the Tao's desireless and humble state—because it does not manifest itself, it appears minute; 'great' refers to the Tao's universal influence—all things naturally return to it, accomplishing its greatness. Laozi reveals through 'because it never regards itself as great, it is able to accomplish its greatness' that it is precisely by maintaining the qualities of 'small' (e.g., humility) that true 'greatness' is achieved. This reflects Daoist counter-intuitive wisdom: striving for greatness often leads to failure, while low-profile inclusiveness enables sustainable expansion. In life, focusing on inner cultivation (small) often brings external achievements (great).
问题 2：现代人如何实践'功成而不有'？ / How can modern people practice 'accomplishes its work but does not claim possession'?
核心是超越 ego，聚焦贡献本身。在工作中，完成项目后不独占荣誉，而是认可团队协作——例如，管理者公开表彰成员努力。在家庭中，养育子女不视为个人财产，尊重其独立人格。社交媒体时代，避免过度分享成就以寻求认可，实践内在满足。社区服务中，匿名捐赠或志愿服务，体现无私精神。心理学上，这能减少焦虑，因不将自我价值绑定于外在成就。老子强调，道'衣养万物而不为主'，我们应效法此态：行动时全力以赴，结果时放手归公。
The core is to transcend ego and focus on the contribution itself. At work, after completing projects, do not monopolize credit but acknowledge team collaboration—for example, managers publicly recognizing members' efforts. In family life, raising children without treating them as personal property, respecting their independence. In the social media era, avoid oversharing achievements for validation, practicing inner satisfaction. In community service, anonymous donations or volunteering embody selfless spirit. Psychologically, this reduces anxiety by not tying self-worth to external accomplishments. Laozi emphasizes that the Tao 'clothes and nourishes all things but does not act as master'; we should emulate this attitude: act with full effort, but let go of outcomes for the common good.
问题 3：道德经第34章对环境保护有何启示？ / What insights does Dao De Jing Chapter 34 offer for environmental protection?
本章倡导'大道泛兮'的生态观：道滋养万物而无偏私，启示人类应停止主宰自然，转向共生。'万物恃之以生而不辞'提醒我们，自然资源是生命基础，而非剥削对象——如过度砍伐违背了'不辞'的包容性。'不为主'哲学批判人类中心主义，呼吁谦逊姿态：承认生态系统的内在价值，而非仅视作工具。政策层面，可建立'无为'治理模式，如设立自然保护区减少干预。个人行动上，减少消费主义欲望（'常无欲'），实践简约生活。道家思想与 deep ecology 运动共鸣，强调'万物归焉'的整体性——破坏环境终将反噬自身。
This chapter advocates an ecological view of 'the great Tao flows everywhere': the Tao nourishes all things without bias, inspiring humans to cease dominating nature and shift toward symbiosis. 'All things depend on it for life, and it does not refuse them' reminds us that natural resources are the foundation of life, not objects of exploitation—such as over-logging violating the inclusiveness of 'does not refuse.' The 'not acting as master' philosophy critiques anthropocentrism, calling for humility: acknowledge the intrinsic value of ecosystems, not merely as tools. At the policy level, establish 'non-action' governance models, e.g., creating protected areas with minimal intervention. In personal actions, reduce consumerist desires ('always without desire'), practice simple living. Daoist thought resonates with the deep ecology movement, emphasizing the wholeness of 'all things return to it'—harming the environment ultimately backfires on humanity.
总结 / Summary of Dao De Jing Chapter 34
道德经第34章通过描绘道的普遍性、无私性及小大辩证，核心思想是：真正的伟大源于谦逊无欲，无为而治能自然成就万物和谐。本章强调道虽滋养一切却不主宰，启示人类效法自然，在领导、个人修养及生态实践中超越控制欲，实现可持续发展。
Dao De Jing Chapter 34, by depicting the Tao's universality, selflessness, and the dialectic of small and great, conveys the core idea that true greatness stems from humility and desirelessness, and non-interference governance naturally achieves harmony among all things. The chapter emphasizes that while the Tao nourishes everything, it does not dominate, inspiring humans to emulate nature in leadership, personal cultivation, and ecological practices, transcending the desire for control to achieve sustainable development.
关键词：大道泛兮, 无为而治, 小大辩证, 功成不有, 万物归焉
Key concepts: The great Tao flows everywhere, Non-interference governance, Dialectic of small and great, Accomplishes without possession, All things return to it