道德经第65章：道德经第六十五章
Dao De Jing Chapter 65 – Dao De Jing Chapter 65
道德经第65章是老子哲学中关于治国与人性本质的重要篇章。本章批判了以智巧治理社会的方式，主张回归质朴无为，强调‘玄德’的深远意义。通过对比古今治国之道，老子揭示了智巧带来的混乱与简单带来的和谐。
Dao De Jing Chapter 65 is a key text in Laozi's philosophy, focusing on governance and human nature. It critiques the use of cunning intelligence in ruling and advocates for a return to simplicity and non-action, highlighting the profound concept of 'mysterious virtue.' By comparing ancient and modern approaches, Laozi reveals the chaos brought by cleverness and the harmony from simplicity.
一、原文与版本对比 / Original Text & Versions
本章主要参考三个历史版本：王弼本（通行本，魏晋时期）、帛书本（汉代马王堆出土）、楚简版（战国时期郭店楚墓出土）。不同版本在文字和表述上存在细微差异。 This chapter primarily draws from three historical versions: the Wang Bi edition (the standard version from the Wei–Jin period), the Mawangdui Silk Manuscript edition (excavated from the Western Han Mawangdui tombs),and the Guodian Bamboo Slip edition (excavated from a Warring States–period Chu tomb in Guodian). These versions show subtle differences in wording and expression.”
| 版本 / Version | 中文原文 / Chinese Text | 拼音 / Pinyin | 英文翻译 / English Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 王弼本 (通行本) | 古之善为道者，非以明民，将以愚之。 | gǔ zhī shàn wéi dào zhě, fēi yǐ míng mín, jiāng yǐ yú zhī. | The ancients skilled in the Dao did not enlighten the people, but kept them simple. |
| 帛书本 | 古之善为道者，非以明民，将以愚之。 | gǔ zhī shàn wéi dào zhě, fēi yǐ míng mín, jiāng yǐ yú zhī. | The ancients skilled in the Dao did not enlighten the people, but kept them simple. |
| 楚简版 | 古之善为道者，非以明民，将以愚之。 | gǔ zhī shàn wéi dào zhě, fēi yǐ míng mín, jiāng yǐ yú zhī. | The ancients skilled in the Dao did not enlighten the people, but kept them simple. |
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版本差异分析： 此句在各版本中基本一致，王弼本、帛书本和楚简版均强调‘愚之’非愚昧，而是质朴。差异在于帛书本和楚简版可能更早，用词更古朴，但核心思想未变，均反对智巧治国。
Version Differences: This sentence is consistent across versions, with Wangbi, Boshu, and Chujian all emphasizing that 'keeping them simple' refers to simplicity, not ignorance. The Boshu and Chujian versions may be older and more archaic in wording, but the core idea of opposing cunning governance remains unchanged. |
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| 王弼本 (通行本) | 民之难治，以其智多。 | mín zhī nán zhì, yǐ qí zhì duō. | The people are hard to govern because they have too much knowledge. |
| 帛书本 | 民之难治，以其知多。 | mín zhī nán zhì, yǐ qí zhī duō. | The people are hard to govern because they have too much knowledge. |
| 楚简版 | 民之难治，以其智多。 | mín zhī nán zhì, yǐ qí zhì duō. | The people are hard to govern because they have too much knowledge. |
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版本差异分析： 王弼本和楚简版用‘智多’，帛书本用‘知多’，‘知’在古汉语中常与‘智’通，但帛书本可能更强调知识积累，而其他版本侧重智巧。这反映了汉代文本对知识批判的细微差异。
Version Differences: Wangbi and Chujian use 'zhi duo' (cunning intelligence), while Boshu uses 'zhi duo' (knowledge), where 'zhi' in ancient Chinese often interchanges with intelligence. Boshu may emphasize accumulated knowledge, while others focus on cunning, showing subtle differences in critiquing knowledge in Han dynasty texts. |
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| 王弼本 (通行本) | 故以智治国，国之贼；不以智治国，国之福。 | gù yǐ zhì zhì guó, guó zhī zéi; bù yǐ zhì zhì guó, guó zhī fú. | Thus, governing a state with knowledge is a curse; not governing with knowledge is a blessing. |
| 帛书本 | 故以知治国，国之贼；不以知治国，国之福。 | gù yǐ zhī zhì guó, guó zhī zéi; bù yǐ zhī zhì guó, guó zhī fú. | Thus, governing a state with knowledge is a curse; not governing with knowledge is a blessing. |
| 楚简版 | 故以智治国，国之贼；不以智治国，国之福。 | gù yǐ zhì zhì guó, guó zhī zéi; bù yǐ zhì zhì guó, guó zhī fú. | Thus, governing a state with knowledge is a curse; not governing with knowledge is a blessing. |
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版本差异分析： 此句在王弼本和楚简版中用‘智’，帛书本用‘知’，但含义相近。帛书本的‘知’可能更广泛指代知识体系，而其他版本明确指向智巧。这体现了版本间对治国工具的不同侧重，但都批判过度依赖智力。
Version Differences: This sentence uses 'zhi' (intelligence) in Wangbi and Chujian, and 'zhi' (knowledge) in Boshu, with similar meanings. Boshu's 'zhi' may refer broadly to knowledge systems, while others specify cunning. This shows varying emphases on governance tools across versions, but all critique over-reliance on intellect. |
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| 王弼本 (通行本) | 知此两者亦稽式。常知稽式，是谓玄德。 | zhī cǐ liǎng zhě yì jī shì. cháng zhī jī shì, shì wèi xuán dé. | Knowing these two is the model. Always knowing this model is called profound virtue. |
| 帛书本 | 知此两者亦稽式。常知稽式，是谓玄德。 | zhī cǐ liǎng zhě yì jī shì. cháng zhī jī shì, shì wèi xuán dé. | Knowing these two is the model. Always knowing this model is called profound virtue. |
| 楚简版 | 知此两者亦稽式。常知稽式，是谓玄德。 | zhī cǐ liǎng zhě yì jī shì. cháng zhī jī shì, shì wèi xuán dé. | Knowing these two is the model. Always knowing this model is called profound virtue. |
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版本差异分析： 各版本在此句上高度一致，‘稽式’指法则或模式，‘玄德’指深奥的德行。王弼本、帛书本和楚简版均强调认知这种对立模式的重要性，体现了道家对内在规律的重视，无显著差异。
Version Differences: All versions are highly consistent here, with 'ji shi' meaning the model or pattern, and 'xuan de' referring to profound virtue. Wangbi, Boshu, and Chujian all stress the importance of recognizing this dual pattern, reflecting Daoist emphasis on inner laws, with no major differences. |
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| 王弼本 (通行本) | 玄德深矣，远矣，与物反矣，然后乃至大顺。 | xuán dé shēn yǐ, yuǎn yǐ, yǔ wù fǎn yǐ, rán hòu nǎi zhì dà shùn. | Profound virtue is deep and far-reaching, opposite to things, yet it leads to great harmony. |
| 帛书本 | 玄德深矣，远矣，与物反矣，然后乃至大顺。 | xuán dé shēn yǐ, yuǎn yǐ, yǔ wù fǎn yǐ, rán hòu nǎi zhì dà shùn. | Profound virtue is deep and far-reaching, opposite to things, yet it leads to great harmony. |
| 楚简版 | 玄德深矣，远矣，与物反矣，然后乃至大顺。 | xuán dé shēn yǐ, yuǎn yǐ, yǔ wù fǎn yǐ, rán hòu nǎi zhì dà shùn. | Profound virtue is deep and far-reaching, opposite to things, yet it leads to great harmony. |
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版本差异分析： 此句在各版本中完全一致，强调‘玄德’的深远和与世俗相反的特性，最终达成‘大顺’即至高和谐。这显示了道家哲学中逆向思维的统一性，版本间无实质变化，突出了道的超越性。
Version Differences: This sentence is identical across versions, emphasizing the depth and opposition of 'profound virtue' to worldly things, leading to 'great harmony.' It shows the consistency of reverse thinking in Daoist philosophy, with no substantive changes between versions, highlighting the transcendence of the Dao. |
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二、核心主题解析 / Key Themes & Philosophical Analysis
1. 质朴治国 / Governing with Simplicity
道德经第65章的核心主题之一是质朴治国，老子通过批判以智巧治理社会的方式，倡导回归自然本真。他认为，古代善于行道的人不是用智巧来启蒙民众，而是让他们保持质朴状态。这种质朴并非愚昧，而是去除机心、回归天性的智慧。老子指出，‘民之难治，以其智多’，即民众难以治理是因为他们拥有过多的智巧和知识，这些智巧往往导致纷争和混乱。相反，不以智治国被视为国家的福祉，因为它能促进社会的和谐与稳定。这一主题体现了道家‘无为而治’的思想，强调统治者应减少干预，让民众自发遵循道的规律。在现代语境下，这提醒我们过度依赖技术和智力可能带来副作用，而简单、真诚的治理方式更能实现长治久安。老子通过‘玄德’概念进一步深化这一主题，说明质朴治国不仅是一种方法，更是一种深远的德行，与万物相反却能达到大顺之境。
One core theme of Dao De Jing Chapter 65 is governing with simplicity, where Laozi critiques the use of cunning intelligence in society and advocates a return to natural essence. He argues that ancient masters of the Dao did not enlighten people with cleverness but kept them in a state of simplicity, which is not ignorance but a wisdom free from artificiality. Laozi states that 'the people are hard to govern because they have too much knowledge,' implying that excessive intelligence leads to conflict and disorder. In contrast, not governing with intelligence is seen as a blessing for the state, fostering harmony and stability. This theme reflects the Daoist idea of 'governing by non-action,' where rulers minimize intervention to allow people to follow the Dao's natural order. In modern terms, it warns against over-reliance on technology and intellect, suggesting that simple, sincere approaches can achieve lasting peace. Laozi deepens this with the concept of 'mysterious virtue,' showing that governing with simplicity is not just a method but a profound morality that, though opposite to worldly things, leads to great harmony.
与原文的对应（中文）：与经文关联：直接源自‘古之善为道者，非以明民，将以愚之’和‘不以智治国，国之福’，强调质朴治国的哲学基础。
Relation to the text (English): Related to text: Directly from 'The ancients skilled in the Dao did not enlighten the people, but kept them simple' and 'not governing with knowledge is a blessing,' emphasizing the philosophical basis of governing with simplicity.
2. 智巧的批判 / Critique of Cunning Intelligence
在道德经第65章中，老子对智巧进行了深刻批判，认为它是社会混乱的根源。他指出，‘以智治国，国之贼’，即用智巧治理国家会带来祸害，因为这鼓励了竞争、欺诈和分裂。智巧在这里指的是人为的、偏离自然的知识和策略，而非真正的智慧。老子区分了‘智’与‘道’，智巧是表面的、短视的，而道是深层的、永恒的。通过这种批判，老子呼吁人们放弃机心，回归本真。这一主题与道家整体哲学一致，如道德经其他章节强调‘绝圣弃智’，但本章更具体地应用于治国领域。老子认为，智巧的泛滥会使民众变得难以治理，因为他们会利用知识谋取私利，破坏社会秩序。反之，不用智巧治国能促进集体和谐，让社会自然运转。在现代社会，这一批判仍然 relevant，例如在商业或政治中，过度策略化可能导致道德沦丧和信任危机。老子通过‘稽式’（模型）的概念，提醒人们认知智巧与质朴的对比，从而培养‘玄德’，实现内在平衡。
In Dao De Jing Chapter 65, Laozi offers a profound critique of cunning intelligence, viewing it as a source of social chaos. He states that 'governing a state with knowledge is a curse,' as it fosters competition, deception, and division. Here, cunning intelligence refers to artificial, unnatural knowledge and strategies, distinct from true wisdom. Laozi distinguishes between 'intelligence' and the 'Dao,' where intelligence is superficial and short-sighted, while the Dao is deep and eternal. Through this critique, he urges people to abandon cunning and return to authenticity. This theme aligns with broader Daoist philosophy, such as the idea of 'abandoning sageliness and discarding knowledge' in other chapters, but here it is specifically applied to governance. Laozi argues that an excess of intelligence makes people hard to govern, as they use knowledge for self-interest, disrupting social order. Conversely, not using intelligence in governance promotes collective harmony, allowing society to function naturally. In modern contexts, this critique remains relevant, for instance, in business or politics where over-strategizing can lead to ethical decay and trust issues. Laozi uses the concept of 'ji shi' (model) to remind people of the contrast between cunning and simplicity, fostering 'mysterious virtue' for inner balance.
与原文的对应（中文）：与经文关联：基于‘民之难治，以其智多’和‘以智治国，国之贼’，突出对智巧的负面评价。
Relation to the text (English): Related to text: Based on 'The people are hard to govern because they have too much knowledge' and 'governing a state with knowledge is a curse,' highlighting the negative view of cunning intelligence.
3. 玄德的深远 / Profundity of Mysterious Virtue
道德经第65章引入‘玄德’作为核心概念，描述其为深奥、遥远且与世俗相反的德行，最终导向‘大顺’即至高和谐。玄德不是普通的道德，而是超越表面智慧的深层品质，它体现了道的本质。老子说，‘常知稽式，是谓玄德’，意思是持续认知智巧与质朴的对比模式，就能达到玄德。这种德行与万物相反，因为它不追求智巧、不强调竞争，而是通过无为和返璞归真来实现和谐。玄德的深远性在于它超越了时空限制，是一种永恒的智慧，适用于任何时代。在本章中，玄德是治国和个人修行的终极目标，它要求人们内化道的规律，而非依赖外部知识。老子通过玄德强调，真正的和谐来自内在的平衡，而非外在的控制。这一主题与道家其他概念如‘无为’和‘自然’紧密相连，但玄德更侧重于德行的超越性。在现代应用中，玄德提醒我们追求深度而非表面的成功，例如在领导力中，真诚和简单往往比权谋更有效。通过培养玄德，个人和社会都能达到一种自然流畅的状态，实现长久安宁。
Dao De Jing Chapter 65 introduces 'mysterious virtue' as a key concept, described as deep, far-reaching, and opposite to worldly things, leading to 'great harmony.' Mysterious virtue is not ordinary morality but a profound quality that transcends superficial intelligence, embodying the essence of the Dao. Laozi states that 'always knowing this model is called profound virtue,' meaning that consistently recognizing the contrast between cunning and simplicity leads to mysterious virtue. This virtue is opposite to things because it does not seek cleverness or competition but achieves harmony through non-action and returning to simplicity. Its profundity lies in transcending time and space, representing eternal wisdom applicable to any era. In this chapter, mysterious virtue is the ultimate goal for governance and personal cultivation, requiring internalization of the Dao's laws rather than reliance on external knowledge. Through mysterious virtue, Laozi emphasizes that true harmony comes from inner balance, not external control. This theme connects closely with other Daoist concepts like 'non-action' and 'naturalness,' but mysterious virtue focuses more on the transcendent nature of morality. In modern applications, it reminds us to pursue depth over superficial success, such as in leadership where sincerity and simplicity often outperform manipulation. By cultivating mysterious virtue, individuals and societies can achieve a natural flow state, ensuring lasting peace.
与原文的对应（中文）：与经文关联：直接引用‘玄德深矣，远矣，与物反矣，然后乃至大顺’，阐述玄德的特性与结果。
Relation to the text (English): Related to text: Directly from 'Profound virtue is deep and far-reaching, opposite to things, yet it leads to great harmony,' explaining the characteristics and outcomes of mysterious virtue.
三、现代生活中的应用 / Practical Meaning in Modern Life
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领导力 / Leadership
在领导力领域，道德经第65章提倡质朴无为的治理方式，反对过度依赖智巧和策略。现代领导者可以从中学习，减少控制欲，信任团队的自然能力，从而培养更和谐的组织文化。例如，在企业管理中，过度 micromanagement 可能导致员工失去自主性，而简单、透明的领导风格能激发创新和忠诚。老子强调‘不以智治国，国之福’，这应用于领导力意味着避免权谋，注重真诚沟通和集体利益。通过实践玄德，领导者可以建立长期信任，促进可持续发展。
In leadership, Dao De Jing Chapter 65 advocates for simple, non-action governance, opposing over-reliance on cunning and strategies. Modern leaders can learn to reduce control, trust their team's natural abilities, and foster a harmonious organizational culture. For instance, in business management, excessive micromanagement can strip employees of autonomy, while a simple, transparent leadership style can inspire innovation and loyalty. Laozi's emphasis on 'not governing with knowledge is a blessing' applies to leadership by avoiding manipulation and focusing on sincere communication and collective benefits. By practicing mysterious virtue, leaders can build long-term trust and promote sustainable development.
- 简化决策流程，避免过度复杂化
- 鼓励团队自主决策，培养信任
- 以身作则，体现真诚和质朴
- 定期反思是否依赖智巧而非本质
- Simplify decision-making processes to avoid over-complication
- Encourage team autonomy to build trust
- Lead by example with sincerity and simplicity
- Regularly reflect on reliance on cunning versus essence
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个人修行 / Personal Cultivation
在个人修行中，道德经第65章鼓励去除机心，回归本真，以培养内在的玄德。现代人常被智巧和外部知识所困，导致焦虑和迷失。通过实践老子的教导，个人可以简化生活，专注于内在成长，例如通过冥想或自然体验来连接道。老子说‘民之难治，以其智多’，这映射到个人层面，意味着过度思考会阻碍心灵平静。培养玄德要求我们认知智巧与质朴的对比，从而实现内在和谐。这种修行有助于减少压力，提升生活质量。
In personal cultivation, Dao De Jing Chapter 65 encourages shedding cunning and returning to authenticity to develop inner mysterious virtue. Modern individuals often struggle with intelligence and external knowledge, leading to anxiety and loss. By practicing Laozi's teachings, one can simplify life and focus on inner growth, such as through meditation or nature experiences to connect with the Dao. Laozi's statement that 'the people are hard to govern because they have too much knowledge' applies personally, meaning overthinking hinders mental peace. Cultivating mysterious virtue requires recognizing the contrast between cunning and simplicity, achieving inner harmony. This practice helps reduce stress and improve life quality.
- 每日静坐，清空杂念
- 减少信息过载，专注本质
- 实践简单生活，去除不必要的欲望
- 学习接受自然状态，不强行改变
- Meditate daily to clear mental clutter
- Reduce information overload and focus on essentials
- Practice simple living by eliminating unnecessary desires
- Learn to accept natural states without forcing change
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教育 / Education
在教育领域，道德经第65章批判智巧过度，倡导培养质朴的智慧。现代教育往往强调知识积累和竞争，但老子提醒我们，这可能导致学生失去创造力和本真。应用本章思想，教育者应注重全人发展，减少标准化测试，鼓励探索和直觉。例如，项目式学习或艺术教育可以更好地体现‘不以智治国’的精神，让学生自然成长。玄德的概念启示教育应超越分数，培养深层的道德和和谐人格。
In education, Dao De Jing Chapter 65 critiques excessive intelligence and advocates for cultivating simple wisdom. Modern education often emphasizes knowledge accumulation and competition, but Laozi warns this may cause students to lose creativity and authenticity. Applying this chapter's ideas, educators should focus on holistic development, reduce standardized testing, and encourage exploration and intuition. For example, project-based learning or arts education can better embody the spirit of 'not governing with knowledge,' allowing students to grow naturally. The concept of mysterious virtue suggests education should transcend grades to foster deep morality and harmonious personalities.
- 设计体验式学习，减少理论灌输
- 鼓励学生提问和探索，而非机械记忆
- 融入道德教育，强调内在价值
- 创建宽松的学习环境，避免过度压力
- Design experiential learning to minimize theoretical cramming
- Encourage student questioning and exploration over rote memorization
- Integrate moral education to emphasize inner values
- Create a relaxed learning environment to avoid excessive pressure
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商业决策 / Business Decision-Making
在商业决策中，道德经第65章反对过度智巧，主张简单、可持续的方法。现代企业常陷入复杂策略和短期利益，但老子强调‘以智治国，国之贼’，这提醒商家避免欺诈性营销或过度竞争。应用玄德理念，企业可以注重诚信、长期关系和环境责任，从而实现大顺。例如，采用透明供应链或员工参与式管理，能带来更稳定的增长。
In business decision-making, Dao De Jing Chapter 65 opposes excessive cunning and advocates for simple, sustainable approaches. Modern businesses often engage in complex strategies and short-term gains, but Laozi's warning that 'governing a state with knowledge is a curse' reminds companies to avoid deceptive marketing or over-competition. Applying the concept of mysterious virtue, businesses can focus on integrity, long-term relationships, and environmental responsibility to achieve great harmony. For instance, adopting transparent supply chains or participatory management can lead to more stable growth.
- 优先考虑伦理而非利润最大化
- 简化业务流程，提高透明度
- 培养员工忠诚度，减少 turnover
- 投资可持续实践，避免短期主义
- Prioritize ethics over profit maximization
- Simplify business processes for greater transparency
- Foster employee loyalty to reduce turnover
- Invest in sustainable practices to avoid short-termism
常见问题 / Frequently Asked Questions
问题 1：道德经第65章中的‘愚之’是什么意思？是否提倡愚昧？ / What does 'keeping them simple' mean in Dao De Jing Chapter 65? Does it advocate ignorance?
不，‘愚之’并非指愚昧或无知，而是强调回归质朴、去除机心的状态。在道家哲学中，这代表一种自然本真的智慧，反对人为的智巧和复杂性。老子用此词批判过度知识导致的混乱，倡导一种简单、和谐的生活方式。例如，在治国中，它意味着统治者应让民众保持天真，而非用智巧操纵他们。这体现了‘无为而治’的思想，与愚昧无关。
No, 'keeping them simple' does not mean ignorance or stupidity; it emphasizes returning to a state of simplicity and shedding artificial intelligence. In Daoist philosophy, this represents a natural, authentic wisdom that opposes human cunning and complexity. Laozi uses this term to critique the chaos caused by excessive knowledge and advocate for a simple, harmonious way of life. For instance, in governance, it means rulers should let people remain innocent rather than manipulate them with cleverness. This reflects the idea of 'governing by non-action' and is unrelated to ignorance.
问题 2：如何理解‘玄德’在道德经第65章中的含义？ / How to understand the meaning of 'mysterious virtue' in Dao De Jing Chapter 65?
‘玄德’指深奥、遥远的德行，是道家哲学中的核心概念，代表超越表面智慧的道德品质。在本章中，它源于认知智巧与质朴的对比模式（稽式），并与万物相反，最终导向大顺（至高和谐）。玄德强调内在的、自然的德行，而非外部强加的规则。它要求人们通过无为和返璞归真来培养，适用于治国和个人修行。例如，在现代生活中，实践玄德可能意味着追求真诚而非权谋，以达到深层平衡。
'Mysterious virtue' refers to a profound, far-reaching morality that is a core concept in Daoist philosophy, representing ethical qualities beyond superficial intelligence. In this chapter, it arises from recognizing the contrast between cunning and simplicity (the model) and is opposite to worldly things, leading to great harmony. Mysterious virtue emphasizes inner, natural morality rather than externally imposed rules. It requires cultivation through non-action and returning to simplicity, applicable to governance and personal cultivation. For example, in modern life, practicing mysterious virtue might mean pursuing sincerity over manipulation to achieve deep balance.
问题 3：道德经第65章对现代社会治理有何启示？ / What insights does Dao De Jing Chapter 65 offer for modern social governance?
本章启示现代社会治理应避免过度依赖智巧和技术，转而注重质朴和和谐。老子批判‘以智治国，国之贼’，提醒我们复杂政策可能带来反效果，而简单、透明的治理能促进信任和稳定。例如，在公共政策中，减少官僚主义、鼓励社区自治可以体现‘不以智治国’的精神。玄德的概念进一步建议领导者培养深层德行，以实现长期大顺。这适用于环境管理、经济政策等领域，强调可持续性和自然平衡。
This chapter offers insights for modern social governance by advising against over-reliance on cunning and technology, instead focusing on simplicity and harmony. Laozi's critique that 'governing a state with knowledge is a curse' reminds us that complex policies can backfire, while simple, transparent governance fosters trust and stability. For instance, in public policy, reducing bureaucracy and encouraging community self-governance can embody the spirit of 'not governing with knowledge.' The concept of mysterious virtue further suggests that leaders cultivate profound morality for long-term great harmony, applicable to areas like environmental management and economic policies, emphasizing sustainability and natural balance.
总结 / Summary of Dao De Jing Chapter 65
道德经第65章核心思想是批判智巧治国，倡导质朴无为，通过玄德实现深层和谐。强调回归本真、反对过度知识，以达到个人与社会的大顺。
The core idea of Dao De Jing Chapter 65 is to critique governing with cunning intelligence, advocate simplicity and non-action, and achieve deep harmony through mysterious virtue. It emphasizes returning to authenticity and opposing excessive knowledge for great harmony in personal and social realms.
关键词：质朴, 智巧, 玄德, 治国, 和谐
Key concepts: simplicity, cunning intelligence, mysterious virtue, governance, harmony